NORM / TENORM

The treatment and disposal of natural radioactive waste from the oil and natural gas industry – potentials and limitations, part 2

12 Immobilisierungs- und Verfestigungsanlage • Stabilization/Solidification plant

Quelle/source: teachers.yale.edu

13 Einteilung der Metalle • Classification of metals forming either strong (class a) or soft acids (class b)

Quelle/source: teachers.yale.edu

14 Herstellung gipsgebundener Filterstaubpellets (Testanlage links, Pellet rechts) • Pelletization of gypsum-bond fly ash (pilot plant on the left, pellet on the right)

Quelle/source: SNIFFER [10]

15 Möglichkeiten der Deponierung von NORM • NORM disposal options

Quelle/source: SNIFFER [10]

16 Beispiel einer doppelt abgedichteten Deponie für gefährliche Abfälle • Example of a double liner system for a hazardous waste landfill [26]

Quelle/source: Alberta environment

17 Fließbild für die Deponierung von NORM-Abfall • NORM waste management chart

Quelle/source: Alberta environment

Quelle/Source: Prof. E. Gock, TU Clausthal

18 Disposal of Theisen scrubber sludge from the copper hut Helbra • Ablagerung von Theisenschlämmen der Kupferhütte Helbra

Quelle/Source: Prof. E. Gock, TU Clausthal

Quelle/Source: Kratzsch

19 Zeit-/Dehnungsverhalten von Salzgestein unter Dauerlast • Time-strain characteristics of pot ash due to permanent load

Quelle/Source: Kratzsch

Quelle/Source: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie

20 Eigenschaften potenzieller Wirtsgesteine • Chracteristics of potential rock formations

Quelle/Source: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie

Doppelt abgedichtete Deponie für gefährliche Abfälle • A double liner system for a hazardous waste landfill

Summary: As a result of in some cases unclear waste-law classification, the majority of industrial countries suffer from a deficit in suitable preparation technologies and technically acceptable disposal methods for natural radioactive waste yielded in the oil and natural gas industries (NORM/TENORM). In AT INTERNATIONAL 9/2012 (pp. 58–71) the author presented an overview of general practice in the industrial states of North America as compared to Germany, the United Kingdom and, to some extent, Australia, as well as the current status of treatment processes and technologies for waste from the oil and natural gas industry, and also their potential and/or already tested application to NORM/TENORM. The technically acceptable disposal methods are in the focus of the following second part of the article.

1 Stabilisation/solidification and landfill dumping of NORM/TENORM waste

1.1 Stabilisation and solidification

Ex-situ stabilisation, solidification and encapsulation procedures pursue the aim of producing a stable, landfill-disposable product with the lowest possible level of leaching. There are at present no standardised legal provisions applicable throughout the Federal Republic of Germany, either for non-hazardous or hazardous (chemotoxic) waste. A corresponding directive [1] has up to now been instituted only in Saxony-Anhalt. Here, the terms “solidification” and “stabilisation” are used....